विटामिन और खनिज

Aim: Adequate levels of vitamin D are vital for bone homeostasis throughout the life cycle, especially at older ages. We aimed to assess 25-hydroxivitamin status and seasonality variations in a sample of vegetarians stratified for age and gender.

Methods: The study included 347 vegetarians, whose serums were collected between March and May (before summertime-PreS) and then between August and September (after summertime-PostS). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin (Vitamin D) was measured by an automated immunoassay (ARCHITECT, Abbott).

Results: PreS samples showed a Vitamin D median of 18.3 ng/mL and 57% resulted as deficient (<20 ng/mL) while only 13% resulted as sufficient (>30 ng/mL). The deficient fraction was the mode class at all ages. No statistically significant differences among age and sex classes were detected. PostS samples showed a Vitamin D median of 36.0 ng/mL with a significant increase of 32% as compared to PreS; 26% resulted as deficient while only 36% resulted as sufficient. In subjects aged >69 years this increase was statistically smaller than in other age groups. Mode was the sufficient class up to 49, the insufficient class (20-30 ng/mL) between 50 and 69 and the deficient class over 69 years.

Conclusions: These results confirm that exposure to the sun increases the levels of vitamin D in young and middle-aged vegetarians but not in the elderly and highlight the need for dietary strategies to increase vitamin D intake especially in the older age classes.

Vitamin D interaction with immune system is a well-established although it is a non-classical effect of Vitamin D. Several reports have documented the role of 1,25 hydroxycholecalciferol (OH)2D3 in mediating innate and adaptive immune systems. The 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) is the main circulating metabolite of Vitamin D and is the most reliable measurement of an individual’s Vitamin D status. It mediates its effect through autocrine or paracrine synthesis of 1, 25(OH)2D3. Therefore, the ability of Vitamin D to influence human immunity is possibly dependent on the vitamin D status of individuals. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is expressed on various immune cells including B cells, T cells and antigen presenting cells. However, its highest concentration is in immature immune cells of the thymus and mature CD-8 T lymphocytes. These cells can synthesize active Vitamin D metabolite which can act in an autocrine way in a local milieu. As Vitamin D has immune-modulatory effects on both innate and adaptive immune responses, its deficiency or significant insufficiency can be associated with autoimmunity and infection. In autoimmune disease, the immune cells are responsive to ameliorative effects of vitamin D.

Vitamins perform different functions in our body and to boost up immune response towards pathogens is one of them. Immunity provides protection to life by its three main such as skin, cellular response, and humoral immune response. Both vitamins quality and quantity within the body promote systematic immune processes by regulating Tlymphocytes, antibodies, and cytokines formation. In this review, we will summarize the role of water soluble and fat soluble vitamins to boost up immunity functions. Vitamins A, C, and E mainly aid in enhancing the skin epithelium barrier function. With the exception of vitamin C, all the vitamins are claimed to be essential for antibody production. Most of the vitamins are applied in our body to produce a cell-mediated response with the production of cytokines and T-lymphocytes. Supplementation of the diet with vitamins in specifically selected appropriate quantities routinely can support body’s natural defence mechanism by enhancing the immune response.

Hartree Fock approximation was applied in order to evaluate the active conformation of widely used vitamin D supplement, Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2). Energy convergence function was applied in order to evaluate the Minimum Potential energy. Quantum mechanical results of the drug has shown the Heat of formation to be 0.25230684 au or 158.3251 kcal/mole. SCF energy calculated by the RHF/AM1 method as Final SCF was found to be 121.2270364801 au or -76071.1825 kcal/mole. Calculated results confirmed that the ergocalciferol has optimized geometry to be interact with the metabolic receptors are at -76071.1825 kcal/mole energy.

Adolescent or teenager, is a youngster whose age falls inside the range from 13-19. Youth is the name for this move period from adolescence to adulthood. In the United States, youngsters from the ages 12-14 go to center school while adolescents from the ages of 14-18 regularly go to secondary school. In the United Kingdom (UK); young people and non-teenagers are blended in auxiliary school. Sixty nine young ladies experiencing CEDI whose guardians are every day workers, 63 young ladies are experiencing CEDI whose guardians rely on upon development. Total 37 young ladies are enduring CEDIII, among them 1009 are young ladies, 33 young ladies are experiencing CEDII. 43% of guardians occupation is development.