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आयतन 4, मुद्दा 5 (2014)

शोध आलेख

Modelling Effects of Drug Testing Procedures on Performance Trends in the Shot Put

Leon I Foster, Steve J Haake, Dave M James and Alan M Nevill

Objectives: The effect of performance enhancing drugs on historic performance records in sport is open to interpretation and needs empirical support. Here we addressed this contentious issue by assessing whether a double sigmoidal model could detect decrements in sporting performance attributed to introduction of drug testing protocols.

Methods: Distances thrown by the top 25 male and female shot putters since the end of the 19th century were modelled using a double sigmoid.
Results: First-phase peak acceleration in the men’s and women’s shot put was reached in 1981 and 1986 respectively coinciding with advent of systematic doping programs. Shot put performance of men and women underwent a second-phase decline of 5.3 m and 8.9 m, in 1991 and 1994, respectively. Performance decrements in women’s shot put were nearly double that for men, but much of this difference resulted from the reduced mass of their shot. Controlling for changes in mass, women’s shot put performance appears to decline to a greater extent than men’s, based on raw energy calculations.
Conclusions: The double sigmoidal model detected a second-phase decline in shot put performances. We attribute this data feature to onset of improved drug testing protocols and a consequential reduction of doping. The assumption is that drug testing programs of shot putters has been successful and reduced the prevalence of drug taking in that sport. The application of a double sigmoidal model to historic performance statistics can be used to detect unknown interventions in analyses of sports performance.
समीक्षा लेख

Throwing Arm Injuries

Tony Kochhar and Harry Batty

Throwing arm injuries are common, especially in overhead or throwing sports. They can lead to loss of performance, periods of time off the court or even surgery. This review article discusses the anatomy and biomechanics of the shoulder, in order to explain how we can avoid these injuries and improve performance.

शोध आलेख

Brief Exercise Enhances Blood Hypocretin-1 in Sedentary Men

Giovanni Messina, Giovanni Di Bernardo, Antonietta Messina, Carmine Dalia, Sergio Chieffi, Umberto Galderisi and Marcellino Monda

The aim of this experiment was to test the effect of brief exercise on the concentration of plasma hypocretin-1, a peptide that regulates many physiological variables. Blood samples were collected from participants (men, n=6) before (time 0 min) and after (times 15 and 30 min) a cycle ergo meter exercise at 75 W for 15 min. The physical exertion was monitored by heart rate registration. The exercise causes a significant increase in plasmatic hypocretin-1, in association with an increase of hearth rate. These results are the first demonstration, which indicates that plasma hypocretin-1 is involved in the reactions induced by physical activity.

शोध आलेख

Anti-Doping Systems in Sports are Doomed to Fail: A Probability and Cost Analysis

Aaron Hermann and Maciej Henneberg

Objective: Doping in sports now seems to be more widespread despite testing. The objective is to assess the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of the current anti-doping system.

Methods: A probability and cost analysis was performed. Using calculations based on official world-level data of positive doping test results, sensitivity and frequency of testing in 93 categories of sport, and estimates of numerical characteristics (frequency, window of detectability, test predictability)
Results: A low probability of doping detection was demonstrated; 0.029 for doping once a week by a single random test with average sensitivity (40%) and window of detectability of 48 hours. With 12 tests a year probability of detection of continuous doping is ~33%. To detect 100% of doping in one year 16-50 tests per athlete must be done costing ~$25,000.
Conclusion: Testing is not economically viable for effective detection. Changes are thus required to the current system to combat sophisticated doping techniques.

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