फाइलोजेनेटिक्स और इवोल्यूशनरी बायोलॉजी जर्नल

Pest snails are economically important pests of the grain industry. Nematode based bioagent appears to be a hope for controlling pest snails in an environment friendly way. Based on the dataset of 18S rRNA gene sequences, we propose a molecular phylogeny of nematodes baited with Cernuella virgata in soils collected from southern states of Australia. A total of 12 species (representing eight genera of nematodes) were identified and the inferred phylogenetic trees (Neighbor-Joining and Minium Evolution) placed them within three (I, IV and VII) out of the seven clades, indicating the possibility of multiple origins of snail parasitism. In Clade I and Clade VII, nematodes associated with Cernuella virgata formed sister group relationships with some slug – parasitic nematodes. We assume that snail – parasitic nematodes and slug - parasitic nematodes might share common ancestors in their evolutionary histories.

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was applied for the first time for the discrimination of halophilic prokaryotes. In the current study, halophilic Bacteria and Archaea species were investigated according to their FT-IR profiles. Some of the halophilic isolates collected from Çamaltı Saltern in Turkey were also analyzed and their FT-IR profiles were compared with reference strains. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to indicate discrimination. This study implies that FT-IR can be applied to discriminate species of Archae and Bacteria.

Microorganisms assume a critical part in lethal metal remediation through diminishment of metal particles. Studies showed that silver particles may be diminished additional cellularly utilizing Fusarium oxysporum to produce stable gold or silver nanoparticles in water. These particles can be joined in a few sorts of materials, for example, fabrics. These fabrics with silver nanoparticles are sterile and can be valuable in doctor’s facilities to anticipate or to minimize disease with pathogenic microscopic organisms, for example, Staphylococcus aureus. In this work, the extracellular creation of silver nanoparticles by F. oxysporum and its antimicrobial impact when joined in cotton fabrics against S. aureus were examined.

Epidermal growth factor plays an important role in the Regulation of the cell growth, proliferation and differentiation by binding to its receptor EGFR. IT has a receptor called EGFR it leads to the rapid internalization and releases the Lysozyme. It reduces the cell signalling, but it is possible only after the endocytosis only. Epidermal growth factor has the capability to transfer the epithelial cell. During the carcinomas in human epidermal growth factor and its ligand show high expression in that condition

In 2011, isolated parts in south Indian state of Kerala as well as neighboring Sri Lanka experienced sporadic spell of red colored “blood rain”, cause of which was later attributed to terrestrial subaerial microalgae of the genus Trentepohlia. Green algae of this genus is commonly found living in symbiosis as phycobionts of lichens in the freeliving form in adjoining tropical rain forests, however, specific identity of which have never been determined. It is known that lichens disperse small algal-hyphal packages, so-called soredia, for vegetative reproduction, which can explain the content of Trentepohlia-spores in the water. Given its extraordinary spore-dispersal mechanism via rain, we were specifically interested to know species-level identity of a randomly collected Trentepohlialean algae of “blood rain” region, and to investigate the possibility that this might had been introduced from elsewhere through areal route. Results of our comparative morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses using the nuclear ribosomal DNA Internal Transcribed Spacers region concluded that this alga is Trentepohlia annulata – a species of which no previous reports exist from India. These two geographical isolates were separated by Kimura-2-Parameter pair-wise distance of 0.06-which in turn indicate a low rate of evolution at these loci that are renowned for rapid molecular evolution, suggestive of a recent introduction. Phylogeny reconstruction using Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood methods resulted in well-resolved phylograms with a robust clade composed of these isolates. This finding indicates the existence of areal dispersal of algal spores on continental and global scales through “clouds over oceans”- a phenomenon earlier reported for bacteria and fungi, but for the first time in algae.

A Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, pink-pigmented, non-motile, spherical bacterium designated YM26-125T was isolated from iron sand. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the new strain was affiliated with the phylum Planctomycetes and shared 96.1% sequence similarity with Rhodopirellula baltica SH 1T. The strain could be also differentiated phenotypically from the Rhodopirellula baltica SH 1T. The major fatty acids of strain YM26-125T were identified as C16:0 and C18:1 ω9c as defined by the MIDI system. Amino acid analysis of cell wall hydrolysates indicated that the novel isolate did not contain diaminopimelic acid in their cell walls. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 57.5 mol%, the major respiratory quinone was identified as menaquinone 6 (MK-6) and a polar lipid profile was present consisting of a phosphatidylglycerol, a diphosphatidylglycerol and three unidentified phospholipids. From the distinct phylogenetic position and combination of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, the strain is considered to represent a novel species for which the name Rhodopirellula caenicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of R. caenicola is YM26-125T (=KCTC 32995T=NBRC 110016T).

Influenza A virus is the most unpredictable global threat, past pandemic witnessed the community swaps happened due to this virus. The recent emergence of H7N9 in China is the result of new and recent reassortmant of Influenza A virus. Emergence of a novel human influenza A virus (H1N1pdm) in 2009 is an unprecedent event of molecular virology. This novel emerged virus affected millions of persons and raised WHO pandemic alert to phase 6. Therefore continuous monitoring is required to have adequate genome information and to track mutations during course of viral evolution. In present study we investigated acute phase suspected H1N1pdm clinical samples from North India 2012-2013. H1N1pdm virus confirmed positive samples were proceeded for virus isolation in MDCK cells. Complete HA gene was deciphered and phylogenetic analysis of Indian H1N1pdm virus isolate was carried out with respect to globally diversified H1N1pdm virus. CDC Real time RT-PCR revealed 15% positivity for H1N1pdm virus. Complete HA gene sequence characterization of Indian H1N1pdm 2012-2013 virus and their phylogenetic analysis with respect to circulating global viruses revealed continuous circulation of cosmopolitan Clade VII in India. In the course of its evolution, 2009-2013 the virus acquired many mutations and which could be responsible for severity of this virus and emergence of new virus subtypes. India also witnessed high morbidity and mortality reported from all parts of the country. This study clearly indicates that recently reported cosmopolitan clade VII has undergone positive selection in India as well globally revealed continuous circulation of clade VII since 2009. This study of recent H1N1pdm Indian virus isolate will facilitate future epidemiological surveillance in Indian subcontinent and abroad.

The phylum Proteobacteria has recently gained a new taxon Oligoflexia that represents the seventh or eighth (if yet-to-be-validated “Zetaproteobacteria” is included) class, described by the only cultured species (as of December 2014), Oligoflexus tunisiensis, as the type species. This bacterium exhibits cellular polymorphism and presence of the uncommon fatty acid C16: 1ω5c as high as >65% of total fatty acids, besides its unique 16S rRNA gene sequence. The class Oligoflexia is characterized by the distinct phylogenetic cluster within the greater proteobacterial cluster, and certain environmentally-derived 16S rRNA gene sequences, a.k.a. environmental clones or phylotypes, of uncultured bacteria are now grouped into the Oligoflexia cluster; however, the content and extent of the cluster has not been clearly depicted. This mini-review illustrates that the Oligoflexia cluster hosts a variety of environmental clones from diverse sources. Currently 20 phylotypes (or clones) are affiliated with the Oligoflexia cluster, and the sources were ranging from soils to cyanobacterial mat, bio-filter, human skin, ant colony, desert, glacial ice, earthworm intestine, and seawater. However, their frequencies in respective clone libraries were generally as low as <1%, which indicates their corresponding species are only minor in respective microbial communities. Moreover, 61 environmental metagenome libraries yielded only 1198 partial sequences having >85% similarities (class-level affiliation) to the 16S rRNA gene sequence of O. tunisiensis, which accounts for merely 0.04% of those registered in Meta-Metagenomic Data Base (MetaMeta DB). On the other hand, >97%-similarities sequences were found in rhizosphere, and <95%-similar sequences were found from hydrocarbon-rich habitats such as petroleum reservoir. Thus, it is suggested that members of Oligoflexia may display cosmopolite distribution in general as well as endemism in certain geochemical settings.

Lumbricidae earthworms dominate agricultural lands and often natural terrestrial ecosystems in temperate regions in Europe. They impact soil properties and nutrient cycling, shaping plant community composition and aboveground food webs. The simplicity of the earthworm body plan has hampered morphology-based classifications and taxonomy; hence current research on Lumbricidae systematic relies mostly on molecular data from multiple or single locus [e.g., cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) barcodes] to infer evolutionary relationships, validate taxonomic groups and/or identify species. Here we use multiple nuclear and mitochondrial gene regions (including COI) to generate updated maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenies of the family Lumbricidae. We then compare these trees to new COI trees to assess the performance of COI at inferring lumbricid inter-generic relationships.