इलेक्ट्रिकल और इलेक्ट्रॉनिक सिस्टम जर्नल

The idea of applying distributed generation resources in distribution systems has become increasingly important due to changes in the distribution systems. Optimal sizing, location, type and installation time of DGs for constructing virtual power plant is one of the important subjects in applying distributed generation in the power system. In this paper, a new method is presented for optimal placement and type of distributed generation units and long term system planning aim to constructing virtual power plant. Minimizing the long term total cost of the system is considered as the objective function. The impacts of applying demand response on expansion planning is also investigated. The Binary particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) method is used for solving this problem. In order to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed method, the method is tested on the IEEE 33 bus distribution system.

In recent years the low level analysis of ultra-weak photon emission in human cells is achieved using sophisticated Photomultiplier Technique (PMT). The basis of photonic measurements goes back to the theoretical finding of Einstein that a photon, which hits a metal plate, causes an electrical impulse. This current can be detected by single photon detection device as mentioned before. As shown in a variety of analytical laboratories worldwide using this sensitive workhorse it is evident that all cells from plants over animals up to humans emit a low level biophotonic emission. The measured electromagnetic wavelengths of this miniscule 0.01 Femto Watt (10-17 W) radiation are ranging from ultraviolet light over the visible up to the infrared region. In order to visualize the size of this very weak light source: the luminous power of a candle in a Lunar Distance (LD) (1 LD equal to 384’400 km) still can be measured using the photomultiplier system mentioned above. From biophotonics investigations so far, the origin of ultra-weak photon emission is the DNA as well as proteins coupled with radical reactions. In order to determine this radiation in human cells, a fibroblastic differentiation system was developed using dermal fibroblasts of skin. Since normal cells store efficiently ultra-weak photons, it has been shown that older cells as well as cancer tissue tend to lose this retention capacity. From all these results it seems evident, that this low level radiation serve as biophotonic signals in order to transfer information in biological systems. Further intense basic research is needed in order to show evidence that ultraweak electromagnetic radiation plays the key role in life.

An increase of the operating frequencies of electromagnetic waves leads from the well-estalished terahertz technology to the visual and reaches petahertz radiation. It is shown that electromagnetic radiation close to petahertz is attractive for technology where knowledge about radio waves can be applied. The dimensions of such radiation are still classically macroscopic; however, molecular components such as resonators were used where quantum mechanics rules have to be considered. Constructions of coupled resonators for energy transfer are as well demonstrated as molecular components for optical metamaterials.

An electrically tunable Liquid Crystal (LC) lens for both of fiber coupling and variable optical attenuation is demonstrated. The LC lens modulates the beam waist coupling to the fiber by electrically changing the lens power. When the modulated beam waist is close to the core size of the fiber, the LC lens is operated as a lens coupler. When the beam waist increases by reducing the lens power, the LC lens is operated as a Variable Optical Attenuator (VOA) as a result of the corresponding coupling coefficient variation of the transformed beam into a multimode fiber. The study provides a way to design an optical device for fiber coupling and variable optical attenuation based on electrically tunable focusing optical component.

The effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) on health are discussed. These effects produce public interest to biological action of EMFs. The cell effects of EMFs have to be investigated to understand the mechanism of the biological action of EMFs. Among such mechanisms three main points are discussed: EMF action on cell membranes; EMF action on free radical concentration in cell; the action of EMF on intracellular regulatory systems. The analysis of experimental results proves the multilateral nature of the impact of EMFs on cell.