दूरसंचार प्रणाली एवं प्रबंधन

In the last decade, a rapid growth of mobile communication networks based on technologies like UMTS, LTE, WLAN, WiMAX resulted in a heterogeneous communication environment consisting of networks with overlapping coverage. Additionally, the variety and number of mobile multimedia applications having multiple requirements with respect to net-work characteristics have increased. These two factors boosted research activities in the area of multiple-criteria (MC) network selection during handover. The studies investigating this topic applied different techniques mostly like Multiple-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM), game theory, fuzzy logic and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Proposed algorithms and approaches reveal following gaps with respect to the configuration of the decision phase: weak flexibility, poor application sensibility, lack of consideration of the perspectives of different actors like user and service provider. In this study, we propose a solution addressing these gaps we called Flexible Application-Sensitive Handover Decision (FLASHED) framework. This framework enables a comprehensive configuration of network selection in a structured and flexible way.

Now a days in Service Provider’s core network we do not use IP forwarding rather we go for MPLS because it gives more efficient switching of packets. MPLS is the combination of layer-3 routing and layer-2 switching because every network prefix is assigned a particular Label. In this paper I am going to do testing and implement scalability over MPLS L3 VPN. This testing and implementation are to proof the scalability is the one important thing when design MPLS L3 VPN technology.
This Topology of MPLS L3 VPN also provides the secure tunnel between two customer sites. By this implementation we show that there is a transparent tunneling over SP network. We are also avoiding the BGP implementation In SP core. So we call it as BGP free core. This implementation also saves the routing table space on provider routers. We have used the concept of Route Reflector (RR) to avoid more BGP sessions and to make it more scalable.

Foreign Direct investment (FDI) can work as a focal source for the capital formation of any country for its economic development in a significant manner. This can be expected to span over all the industries and sectors including Telecom, particularly in developing countries like India. Over the past decade the Telecom sector has experienced rapid growth owing to regulatory liberalization, however, the sector has been in turbulent phase started from 2014- 2015 year, marked by legality of Long-Term Evolution (LTE), roaming agreements, one time Spectrum cost, reframing of allotted spectrum in the 2300+ MHz band, etc. The present paper discusses on the role of FDI in the development of telecom sector.

Many projects have been structurally failed and collapsed during the past centuries. Some of these incidents caused a sizable number of human causalities. Probably the failure to follow the right code of ethics caused these incidents.
Electrical engineering professionals face several ethical-related problems which are costly, harmful and affect high ratio of people.
Organizations provide codes of ethics to help the engineers to understand and manage their ethical responsibilities. Islam considers ethics as an important factor to train individuals, communities and society. Islamic ethics are set of moral principles and guidance that recognizes what is right and what is wrong.
The Quran is replete with clear messages about ethics. This research paper intends to highlight the Islamic ethics for solving an ethical dilemma.

The land use/land cover pattern of the region is an outcome of natural and socio-economic factors and their utilization by man in space and time; land becoming a scare resource due to immense pressure on agriculture and demographic. Hence information on land use/land cover and possibilities for their optimal use is essential for the selection, planning and implementation of land use schema to meet the increasing demands for basic human needs and welfare. Remote sensing techniques provide valuable and up to date information on natural resources. GIS with the capability of integration multi-layer information obtained from both Satellite remote sensing and other conventional sources has proved to be effective tools in planning and detecting land use/land cover changes for Land Use development. The High Resolution Satellite Data is IRS-P6 LISS-IV is used for getting quick and useful base line information on the parameters like land use/land cover, Drainage, Roads etc. The study area is taken for 10 km buffer from Centre of Suryapet town, Nalgonda District. The main objective of the study is to produce the Land Use map, detecting various units and make it use for future planning. About 78.63% of the total area is covered by agriculture; 6.64% under waste land; 7.74% is covered under water bodies; Mining and Industries by 1.42% and Suryapet town urban agglomeration is covered by 2.22%. The city will become a trade Centre in future as it is connected well by road network. NH-65 is passing through the town. The catchment of Musi reservoir’s left canal is covering on the northwestern side of the town. In future the industrial activity may be proposed in waste lands on the north side of the town as the Musi reservoir source water exists nearby. The sites for Waste dumping may be selected in future by using other ancillary data like wind direction etc. Further Infrastructure development may be proposed towards eastern side of the town. As it is proposed to be the district headquarters in near future, hence a detailed planning will be possible in projecting future land use/land cover scenarios using appropriate models.

In this paper a state-based adaptive power control protocol (SAPC) has been compared with classical fixed power communication for mobile wireless sensors. The distance between the transmitter and the base station is often not fixed as in the case of body wearable sensors. There can also be unaccounted obstructions in between the transmitter and the receiver. Since signal level attenuates with distance, it is important to choose the right power level that will not only deliver the packets with minimum error but conserve energy at the same time. The proposed adaptive algorithm does not transmit beacon or probe packet for channel quality estimation using the received signal strength before transmitting actual packets. It uses the present and past history of the outcome of packet transmission to evaluate and track link quality. The unique SAPC algorithm also controls the number of re-transmissions in each state. Experimental validation has been done using nRF24L01p transceiver modules. This algorithm can adapt itself to an unknown and variable radio channel in an energy-efficient manner. Experiments were conducted in indoor office environment within a university building and results show that SAPC uses up to 30% less energy than the fixed power communication

The main object of this paper is to design and to simulate micro strip slot patch antenna for multiband applications. It is omnidirectional and stable radiation pattern. Hence rectangular shape antenna can be simulated using ANSOFT HFSS software. Parameters such as return loss, VSWR and radiation pattern are taken. Micro strip slot patch antenna becomes very popular day to day because of easy analysis and fabrication, low cost, light weight, easy fabrication. This paper proposed some shapes using feeding techniques are which has effective transmission based on frequencies. Micro strip patch antennas offer an attractive solution compact, conformal and low cost design of many wireless application systems. By increasing the substrate thickness and decreasing the permittivity of substrate the percentage of band width is increased. HFSS software is used for simulation and design of micro strip patch antenna where its version is 11.0. HFSS means High Frequency Structure simulator this was launched by the ANSOFT, designs are four slot patch antennas and the antennas work in the frequency ranges as follows 4.15-4.39 GHz, 10-11.6 GHz, 13.2-14.3 GHz, 16-17.1 GHz, 19.1-20 GHz, 4.4-4.5 GHz, 8.7-9.1 GHz, 11.54-12.85 GHz, 1.65 GHz, 2.24 GHz, 4.4-4.6 GHz, 5.6- 5.8 GHz, 7.45-8.15 GHz It’s main objective is used for MIMO applications, WLAN, Wi-MAX and RADAR, UWB, mobile communications, satellite space communications and microwave frequencies.