कैंसर विज्ञान एवं चिकित्सा

Squamous or basal cells have the potential to develop into skin cancer. Squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma are the two most common types of skin cancer. It is also known as skin cancer without melanoma. Squamous cell carcinoma can develop from a particular form of keratosis called actinic keratosis. When compared to squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma, melanomas are less prevalent. It is more likely to penetrate nearby tissues and spread to different parts of the body. New skin cells are created when existing skin cells become damaged or old skin cells die. When this process fails, cells rapidly proliferate, some of which may be abnormal cells.

Two uncommon genetic disorders, Li-Fraumeni syndrome and hereditary retinoblastoma, raise the risk of bone cancer in families. Paget's illness affects the bones. The risk of developing bone cancer in later life is increased by Paget's disease of the bone, which is most common in elderly people. Osteosarcoma is the most prevalent type of bone cancer. This tumor's cancerous cells produce bone. This kind of bone cancer most frequently affects the bones of the leg or arm in children and young adults. Rarely, osteosarcomas can spread outside of bones.

Numerous studies have shown that cancer cells frequently compete with the surrounding healthy tissue. It would be possible to get a large addition in the helpful window by taking advantage of this misalignment. We will specifically assess if radiation results change depending on the organisation time in light of reports made thus far. In total, 24 examinations met the criteria for consideration, of which 12 essentially demonstrated that radiation therapy is less harmful when administered at a certain time, probably because there is less blow-back to healthy cells. Nevertheless, there are discrepancies amongst studies that call for more research.

A variety of histologic subtypes of sarcoma have a tendency to spread to the lungs. Up to 20% of people with soft tissue sarcoma and 40% of people with primary bone sarcoma can develop isolated pulmonary metastases. Most people with advanced soft tissue sarcoma receive radiation therapy and perhaps chemotherapy prior to surgery to remove the tumour. Prior to surgery, it is important to eliminate as much of the tumour as possible in order to safely remove it all or most of the time and eliminate any cancer cells that may have escaped from the original tumour.

Lymphedema in women with breast cancer has been treated with low-level laser therapy, a non-ionizing light-based moderate therapy. In order to deliver low beams and dosages to the targeted location during laser treatment or photograph biomodulation treatment (PBM), photons of a predetermined frequency (650 nm and 1000 nm) enter skin tissue.

There are many genes that have been explored in relation with cancer. But 50 percent of cancers occur due to mutation in P53. In the beginning, there was a thought that P53 act as an oncogenic protein instead of suppressing cancers. Now we have reached on conclusion that mutant P53 instead of wild type, act as an oncogenic protein. Through research carried out in the past, it has been concluded that gain of function mutation in the P53 has early onset of cancer as compared to mutant P53 with loss of function. A number of hotspots for mutation in P53 such as R175, G245, R248, R249, R273 and R282 have been identified in the past. Mutant P53 interact and inhibit proteins normal functioning such as p63, MRE11, Rad51-NSB complex, p73 and Sp-1. Mutant P53 also lead to enhance functioning of protein such as SREBP, NF-Y, VDR, ETS2 and NRF2. For proper folding of wild type P53 Zn+2 is necessary. There are microRNAs which are under the control of mutant P53. Mostly, PRIMA-1 analog has been used to reactivate the mutant P53 to wild type.

According to the NICPR in the year 2010, the average estimated prevalence of cancer was 25 lakhs and incidence was about 07 lakhs in India, there were 5.56 lakh deaths due to cancer. The study is based on data from NFHS (2015-16). Univariate and Bivariate analysis and Poisson regression models were used to establish an association between all independent predictors and outcome variable. Among both women and men, asthma and diabetes emerged as the main determinants for cancer prevalence. Women who smoke tobacco are 1.76 times significantly more likely to get cancer whereas in case of men who smoke are 2.65 times significantly more likely to get cancer. Among both women and men, non-vegetarian diet emerged to be important determinants for cancer prevalence i.e. (IRR=1.58, P<0.05) for women and (IRR=3.17, P<0.05) for men. Among women who are exposed to arsenic through groundwater are 1.81 times significantly more likely to get cancer. From the study, it has been found that asthma and diabetes among biological factors; tobacco and alcohol consumption, consumption of non-vegetarian food and arsenic exposure (only among women) among behavioral factors are the main determinants of cancer prevalence among both men and women in India.

Cholestatic jaundice as the initial symptom in patients with metastatic prostate cancer is extremely rare. Few cases only of paraneoplasic cholestatic jaundice associated with prostate cancer have been reported in the literature. We present a case of 57 years old patient who presented cholestatic jaundice revealing an underlying metastatic prostate cancer after detailed examinations including Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Positon Emission Tomography (PET), and Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Cholestatic jaundice may be brought on by malignancies via identified pathways (e.g., bile duct obstruction or widespread hepatic infiltration). Through an unknown pathogenetic mechanism, paraneoplastic syndromes connected to malignancy, particularly renal cell carcinoma (Stauffer's syndrome) and malignant lymphoproliferative disorders, can cause a reversible form of cholestasis. There have been two cases documented in the medical literature of prostate cancer that originally manifested as cholestatic jaundice without any clear reason (i.e., blockage or invasion). We describe a patient who had pruritus and cholestatic jaundice when they first arrived. The diagnosis of prostate cancer was made throughout the diagnostic process. Conjugated bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels significantly rose, but transaminase and glutamyltranspeptidase levels only slightly increased. No signs of extrahepatic biliary blockage or hepatic metastases were found, according to the findings of the necessary studies carried out while the patient was hospitalised.