सिविल और पर्यावरण इंजीनियरिंग जर्नल

Roads are backbones for one’s country economy and play great role in public’s mobility. To make these well function proper drainage systems must have; and these drainages are major causes for land degradation and gully formation. This investigation was conducted in selected road crossings; Agulae river bridge and Kehen and Betehaweriat culverts of Mekelle to Adigrat highways using hydrologic and hydraulic analysis. Hydrologic and hydraulic analysis was conducted with the help of HEC RAS 4.1.0 for bridge and HY 8 hydraulic analysis software’s for culvert. Agulae river bridge has scouring problem up to 13.00 m, 13.96 m left and 18.97 m, 20.04 m right for 50 and 100 years peak flood; and overtopping 0.24 m for 50 years. Kehen and Betehaweriat culverts have high outlet velocity 6.456 m/s and 5.241 m/s and high Froude number, 3.4 and 2.92 respectively. Remedial measures were reviewed based on the hydraulic analysis result computed. Based on hydraulic analysis results; the recommend energy dissipaters are 1.204 m thickness stone riprap for bridge; and USBR type IV basin for culverts.

Filler is a substance that serves as charger cavities of an asphalt mixture. Kinds of filler that can be used are: stone dust, lime extinguished, Portland cement (PC), etc. A small percentage of the filler for asphalt mixture does not mean that does not have a great effect on the properties of Marshall. The erruption of mount Sinabung some time ago at the Tanah Karo, North Sumatra lot leaving the material shed from the eruptions. Then there are around limestone hill in Sipoholon, North Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatera Province too many underutilized by society around. This paper attempts to compare the filler test result from authors with volcanic ash and lime ash againts rock ash as filler AC-BC by researchers previously with only using volcanic ash againts rock ash as filler in AC-WC. The goal from this paper is to knowing if the authors make a volcano ash and lime ash as a filler but this use in ACWC, would be same with the result marshall test requirement from researchers previously. In the step the authors collected result Marshall Test from researches previously. Then Compare with the authors research result [1-3], with provison mix parameter such as compareThe optimum asphalt content from each. Then compare from the result percentage marshall test from authors which make percentage filler from 0-6% and previously researches from 0-4%. The result from requirement marshall test from percentage marshall AC-BC from 0-6%. The Authors earn 4% while previous research AC-WC earn 3% which eligible from marshall test requirement. It can be concluded that make differences mix formula with Volcano ash againts Lime ash or without fly sand from percentage marshall test requirement. Then The layer is same with previous researchers is AC-WC. It would be same result by previously researchers where the result is 3% from percentage marshall test requirement from 0-6%. it could be happen because from gradation mixing factor from specification requirement from Highway departement in Indonesia.

Masonry remains today an essential, even indispensable at buildings in Morocco, however, the lack of experimentation led to the neglect thereof in digital computing models especially the panels with openings. On the other hand, damage in seismic zones showed a significant participation of the latter on failure modes of a structure. It is noteworthy that the Moroccan earthquake regulations RPS 2000 Version 2011 advocates modeling masonry infill panels with two equivalent rods [cf. Art No. 7.3.3].

This research paper mainly focuses on the utilization of Class F-fly ash (by-product of power plant) for production of aggregates by different method. In the present study three different types of methods are adopted for preparation of aggregates. Cold bonding, autoclaving and sintering techniques are the very general technique used for preparation of the aggregates. Sodium hydroxide, Bentonite and Sodium silicate are used as a binder material during the pelletization process. The binder and fly ash proportions of 15: 85, 10: 90 and 17: 83 with water to cement ratio 0.3 are mixed to get the fly ash aggregates. Various mechanical properties of the aggregates such as crushing strength, impact test, abrasion test, specific gravity, water absorption, porosity were determined. The test results shows that the 7 days crushing strength and water absorption value of cold bonded aggregates 6.30 Mpa and 12.25% followed by autoclaving is 5.46 Mpa and 13.10% and sintering are 5.80 Mpa and 5.20% respectively. Overall test results have shown that fly ash aggregate can be used as a possible construction material in concrete world.

In the two last decades, extraction and use procedures of natural fibers have known an important increase for the reinforcement of composite materials called ‘Bi-composites’. This category of fibers possesses a lot of advantages upon those traditional synthetic such as: Abundantly available, reduced cost, lightness and satisfactory specific performances. The current study has the aim of characterizing a new hybrid laminate made up of 4 plies; the upper and lower ones are reinforced with glass bidirectional fabrics while the two central ones are reinforced with natural Jute woven fabrics. The main idea of this work is to preserve sufficient mechanical characteristics by reinforcing the most solicited layers with glass fabric and, in the same time, to ensure an economy and a reduced weight through the reinforcement of the intermediary layers by Jute fabrics. The mechanical characterization was carried out by two kinds of static trials: uniaxial tensile test, three points bending and ILSS tests in order to compare the mechanical properties of this composite laminate with those of a four layers totally glass reinforced laminate. The mechanical trials have given us characteristics, values of the hybrid laminate superior than those of the synthetically reinforced laminate in terms of Flexion and ILSS Strengths but lower in terms of tensile strength. And yet, performances obtained with hybrid Jute/ Glass reinforced laminates allow a prediction of actual perspectives for substituting glass fiber by others natural for semi- structural moderately loaded elements applications to combine performance and economy.

Gasification is regarded as one of the most promising technology for generation of energy using renewable and alternative fuels. Nevertheless, in order to obtain process gas of desired quality, a range of processes for removal of pollutants present in a raw gas stream needs to be performed. One of the most problematic side stream formed during gas cleaning operations is highly loaded wastewater. It is a mixture of organic and inorganic contaminants, which usually appears as a tar-aqueous condensate. It is assumed that the amount of wastewater corresponds to ca. 30-50% of the amount of fuel introduced to gasification. In the presented study membrane ultrafiltration process was proposed as the method of preliminary treatment of wastewater formed during gasification of alternative fuels. Three types of polyethersulphone membranes, which differed in cut off, were used. The goal of the process was to separate raw wastewater into a condensate enriched with organic compounds, which could be reused to the gasification process as a fuel remoistening agent, and a permeate, which had to be undergone to further treatment. The impact of undesired phenomena accompanying membrane filtration i.e., fouling and concentration polarization was determined. The process capacity and efficiency of contaminants removal was evaluated.

‘Fat’ clayey soils, containing large proportion of fines (more than 50%) and mixture of aggregates are usually encountered as natural deposits in a high plasticity state. These soils may be used as row material after chemical or mechanical stabilization, in many earthworks applications. The clay content, the amount and size of aggregates, are known to affect the compressibility potential, and thus, the stiffness of the soil when subjected to vertical loads. In this investigation, a comprehensive oedometer testing program was conducted on reconstituted artificial samples, made of various mass proportions of kaolin, sand and gravel. The moisture content of the samples varied accordingly to the percentage of kaolin content in each series, but yielding samples of high plasticity, having the same Atterberg limits. The compressibility was characterized herein by the coefficient of volume compressibility (mv). The results indicate that, for this type of soils, the compressibility is much more affected by the coarser matrix (ratio of the mass percentage of the gravel to the mass percentage of sand G/S) rather than the percentage of clay content. Based on the observations made, a chart is proposed for a quick estimation of the compressibility potential of fat clays.

The present study deals with one of India’s major concerns is the increasing level of land pollution largely due to the uncontrolled disposal of industrial solid and hazardous waste. The present work carried out on monitoring of various physico-chemical parameters and to evaluate the impact of disposal of electroplating industrial effluent on water quality in Chandigarh and nine districts of Haryana. The various parameters like pH, temperature, Electrical Conductivity (Ec), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), sulphate, oil and grease, phosphate along with heavy metals viz. chromium, zinc, lead, nickel, cadmium, copper, were tested from effluent treatment plant (ETP) of plating industries. Further, the effects of these constituents on land, groundwater, and surface water bodies were correlated. The results observed from samples indicated that the heavy metal concentrations of chromium from 21.5 to 47 ppm, nickel from 72 to 243 ppm, lead from 5.3 to 9.7 ppm, zinc from 97 to 731 ppm and copper from 8.4 to 20.7 ppm in effluents in Haryana needs a proper preventive mechanism for sludge treatment, recovery and disposal.

Accurate estimation of runoff depth and volume is an important task for proper watershed management. Rainfall generated runoff is not only dependent on the intensity, duration and the distribution of rainfall, but also soil type, vegetation, and land use types have significant effects on the runoff pattern. The present study aims to determine the runoff depth and volume using Natural Resource Conservation Service Curve Number (NRCS-CN) method. The study was carried out in Konar catchment located in Jharkhand, India. The land use/land cover map, soil map were prepared in GIS environment. The NRCS- curve number method was followed to estimate the runoff depth for selected rainfall events in the catchment. The result showed that the average volume of surface runoff from 2000 to 2009 for Konar catchment was 71510.76 m3 which represents only 6.3% of the annual average rainfall. Statistically positive correlation (R2=0.53) have found between rainfall and runoff depth. The present study reveals that NRCS-CN method with integration of GIS and remote sensing technology can effectively be used to estimate the runoff in an ungauged river catchment with similar hydrological characteristics.

The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of bolt-hole position errors on the strength of bearing-type multi-row bolted connections with a double-lap configuration of fiber reinforced polymer composite members. To simulate errors in positioning bolt-holes in the loading direction of connections, the statistical technique of sampling known as Latin hypercube sampling has been adopted in this study. In the Latin hypercube sampling, the distribution is obtained using the results of goodness of fit tests. It has been seen from the goodness of fit tests that the strength of the two- to fourrow bolted connections with steel cover plates and two-row bolted connection with FRP cover Plates can be modeled by using the normal distribution and the three and four-row bolted connections with FRP cover plates can be modeled by using the Weibull distribution with a significance level of 0.05. The strength of bolted connections is obtained by performing progressive damage analysis of the connections numerically. The statistical analyses show that the bolt-hole positioning errors have significant effect on the strength of the bolted connections, and that the strength can either increase or decrease with a larger probability to decrease. Connections with steel cover plates are more sensitive to bolt-hole position errors than those with FRP cover plates. Ninety five percent non-exceedance strength of the connection with FRP cover plates is about 85% of the connection with bolt positions perfectly aligned, that of the connection with steel cover plates is about 71% of the perfect bolt position case.

Natural resources varies from one place to another, among these is natural stone (rock) used mainly in construction and buildings, it is noticed that a high percentage of these quarries are spreading randomly and in an unstructured or studied manner without taking into consideration the environment or the regulations of sustainable development, the quarries especially depleted ones have become an environmental threat to humans, animals and plants, they caused the natural shape of the earth to be distorted and deformed, which requires to find a solution to this issue really fast, conduct studies to exploit and invest these resources properly and sustainably within a well thought out plan, while conserving the environment and the social and the economic development, establish a plan that aim to rehabilitate the abandoned quarries and find a way to benefit from them and educate the local community about these quarries. And that is what will be implemented throughout this paper, where a study case from Jordan will be reviewed of the rehabilitation of an old quarry in Ajloun city, by transforming it into a scientific academy designed on the quarry’s site, which aims to help and assist the local community.