व्यवसाय और अर्थशास्त्र जर्नल

The objectives of this research are to develop a financial model of roselle fiber utilized into technical textile, as well as estimation of carbon emission and storage of its fiber utilization into Technical textile. The data were collected through the focus group discussion with roselle growers as well as the sellers. To supplement the primary data, the secondary data were used; the surrogate market mechanism also was applied. The cost benefit analysis model was developed. The results depicted that, the roselle fibers utilized into technical textile with aramid replacement by 30% financially is feasible with high NPV, ROI, IRR and BCR exceeding one. Moreover, varying the discount rate from 8% to 15% raising the price of clean bast fiber prices by 20% raising the cost of investment by 20%, the analysis illustrated that, roselle fiber is financially viable in all the suggested sensitivity analysis. The result of the investigation proposed a financial model can be used for commercialization of roselle plant and its fiber products. Also the study concluded that, the initiation of roselle fiber market is highly recommended and utilization of its fibers in industrial products is very crucial to help the farmers for generating additional income by using the fiber and diversify the products of the roselle crop. Also, the study concluded that, research in roselle core and bast usage in industrial applications is highly needed, also, the study concluded that, the assessment of environmental impact of roselle cultivation and fiber utilization is highly recommended.

Nepal's pharmaceutical market size is equivalent to  250  U.S. million, according to the APPON (Association of Pharmaceutical Producers of Nepal, 2010). Nepalese pharma market is less regulated. DDA (Department of Drug Administration) has lesser resource and tools to monitor quality of such an import-influx. The joint effort of three-parties; local companies, medical practitioners plus the retailers pushed by sales representative, has remained successful in replacing foreign brands from  the market. Doctors have enough brands to remember and write. Those sales personnel who builds relationship and constantly follows for feed-back gets prescription. It is unnecessary that all the prescription give businesses. The problem of product substitution at the retailer is yet another challenge. That is the same reason sales representative are in constant contact with the retailers for market feedback.

This study was aimed at marketing chain of sesames in Melekoza and Basketo special woreda of Southern Ethiopia. The data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data were collected from 184 farmers and 22 traders via statistical approaches. The study result identified producers, cooperatives, commission agents, assemblers /local and/or village collectors, wholesalers and exporters as the sesame market participants in the study areas and among these producers, wholesalers and exporters account more shares than others. The study also revealed that sesame market in study area was slightly oligopoly (medium concentration) where the top 4 traders were controlling 57.8% of the sesame market. The study result showed that sesame producers are faced with high diseases and pests, lack of improved varieties and declining sesame output price. Traders in study area were faced with Sesame trading in study area is characterized by different factors that hinder free entrees and include high capital requirement and volatile price. On marketing side, poor quality product, unlicensed intermediates, limited access to market, low price of product, lack of storage, and shortage of formal market places and very long distance of ECX are the major problems. The study also tried to identify challenges such as shortage of experts, low budget allocation and lack of training at supportive organization level. Therefore, this study tried to recommend the solutions based on study findings. 

Ethiopia is principally an agronomic country with the vast majority of it people directly or indirectly involved in agriculture. Agriculture in the country is regularly small-scale rainfall reliant, traditional and survival farming with limited access to technology and institutional support services. The objective of this review was to review determinants of Small-scale irrigation participation and its impact on house hold food security. The review indicates that a much higher proportion of those who are poor are non-irrigating rather than irrigating households. Thus, the food insecurity occurrence in non-irrigating households is greater than in irrigating households. This suggests that small-scale irrigation has an important influence on household food security. This analysis shows that use of small-scale irrigation reduces the probability of a household being poor, controlling other factors. There were several challenges of irrigation use such as Lack of capacity to build irrigation cannel’s by own resources, Luck of irrigable farm land, insufficient flow of water, Lack of extension support by government office, Lack of access to other inputs and Entry barriers by set by irrigation water users’ association.