Zhou Huan
Ionospheres have been used to control coccidiosis in poultry for a long time. However, toxicity with significant clinical symptoms can result from misuse of ionospheres. Administration dose, species and animal age are the most important determinants of gonophores toxicity. Although clinical symptoms of ionosphere intoxication have been extensively studied, the molecular toxicity mechanisms of gonophores remain poorly understood. The clinical and molecular toxicity mechanisms of polyether gonophores in animals studied in this review are summarized. Ionosphere toxicity is most likely to affect myocardial and skeletal muscle cells, according to studies. The deregulation of ion concentration, which inhibits oxidative phosphorylation, may provide an explanation for the oxidation’s molecular mechanism. The synergistic effect of tiamulin on ionosphere biotransformation and the interaction between tiamulin and ionosphere are discussed. In addition, gonophores have recently been considered for repurposing as antibacterial and cancer drugs. Ionospheres are molecules that dissolve in lipids and carry particular cataions across biological membranes.
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